History of CNC machines Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

History of CNC machines - Literature review Example Nowadays CNCs offer the capacity to connect to the internet. Companies having multi operations are benefitted a lot from this so that they can transfer their programmes to other locations. Today’s CNCs provide a very high level of automation. Any skillful operator can use all the features to increase his/her own as well as company’s productivity. Their capacity to deliver extreme precision has given a great boost to innumerable new state-of-the-art technologies as a multiplier effect to produce thousands of products in the last 30-40 years. 1. Introduction: â€Å"The world CNC is an acronym for Computer(ized) Numerical(ly) Control(led) machines used for the manufacturing of simple or complex parts from metal, wood and other materials by using the programme known as G-code.† (CNC- Definition). It all began with the creation of the worlds first digital electronic computer in 1945 by Dr. John Mauchly and Dr.J. Presper at the University of Pennsylvania. The device was called an electrical numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC). It came into existence out of the need for faster scientific and engineers calculations required during World War II. It was not a programmable device but surely it was a first indication what the world is heading for in terms of computational and programming tools in later years. Before the advent of NC machines, operator had to manipulate the hand-wheels, levers, cams to make parts. This way the ability of the operator to make the parts with required narrow tolerance was limited. There were all possibilities of some variation resulting into variation of the axis dimensions resulting into poor fittings or wastages. The productivity of the worker was low so it was a dire need to operate the machine automatically. Earlier a series of cams were put to use to move the tools as an attempt to automate the process. Though they were tedious to set but once set it

Prescription drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Prescription drugs - Research Paper Example The large numbers of emergency room admissions from prescription drug abuse in the US are a compelling argument against DTC advertising. There is the need for pharma companies to show a higher degree of restraint in such DTC advertising, keeping in mind that the messages are viewed by people with varying levels of understanding of possible side effects from improper use of prescription drugs. Key words: Prescription Drugs, DTC advertising 1. Introduction The US is the only country in the world (apart from New Zealand) that permits Television advertisements for prescription drugs. The US Federal Drugs Administration (FDA) relaxed its requirements for information content needed in such advertising in 1997. The pharma industry’s spending on DTC (direct-to-customer) advertisements has grown rapidly since the FDA rule change and reached a peak of over $ 6 billion in 2006 and 2007 before falling off due to the global economic crisis. The spending in 2012 was still a high $ 3.47 bill ion (Mack, 2013). The European Union does not permit DTC advertising by pharma companies. This was reaffirmed in December 2010 when 22 of the 27 EU countries voted against the proposal despite lobbying by the pharma industry. Instead, the new ad regulations have become even tougher with the focus â€Å"on the rights of the patient to get the information he needs and not on the rights of pharma companies to spread information† (Golby, 2010). This paper examines the arguments in favor and against DTC advertising prescription drugs. PhRMA, the pharma industry association, in its 2008 guidelines for DTC advertising lists the benefits of DTC advertising as increased patient awareness about disease and the treatment options. The ads motivate patients to contact their doctors and engage in a dialogue about health concerns and increases likelihood of receiving care for conditions that get under-diagnosed or under treated. The advertisements also help patients to continue taking the prescribed medication (PhRMA, 2008). The beneficial effects of DTC advertising based on surveys of patients and doctors are shown in the chart below (Shaw, 2008). The chart shows that 95% of the benefit is from patient awareness and better discussion the doctor can have with the patient. The question clearly is whether these benefits outweigh potential negative effects of DTC advertising. 3. Top pharma companies advertising budgets in 2012 The table below shows the 2012 advertising budgets of the top 10 global pharma companies. The tabula tion has been made from data published on 26 February 2013 in FiercePharma.com (Palmer, 2013) Pharma Ad Spend 2012 ( in $ million)                   TV Magazine Other Total   Products       Pfizer 342.7 240 39.6 622.3 Celebrex- pain drug, Viagra, Lyrica - pain drug Eli Lilly 367.3 43.4 22.7 433.4 Cymbalta for pain, Cymbalta for depression, Cialis Abbott 264 35 2.7 301.7 Humira for arthritis, AndroGel, Humira for Crohn's disease Merck 133.7 87.8 64 285.5 Shingles awareness, Nasonex, Zostavax Amgen 164 52.1 13.2 229.3 Enbrel for arthritis, Prolia, Enbrel for psoriasis Astra Zeneca 156.5 41 11.8 209.3 Nexium - stomach , Symbicort, Crestor - cholesterol Allergan 85.9 107.2 0.23 193.3 Restasis, Botox for wrinkles, Botox for migbraine Boehringer 119.6 54.7 0.36 174.7 Spiriva, Pradaxa Glaxo SmithKline 70.3 84.8 15.5 170.6 Advair Diskus - respiratory , Lovaza - cholesterol , Jalyn Otsuka 73.9 41.2 0 115.1

Roger Fenton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Roger Fenton - Essay Example Although his pictures only depicted the "acceptable" parts of the conflict, they were the first to capture the mundane aspects of warfare† (Roger Fenton Biography). He was died on August 8, 1869. This paper analyses the pictures taken by Roger Fenton with respect to subject matter, composition, framing, and intent. Even though Roger Fenton has taken more than 360 war photographs, he deliberately avoided the pictures of dead, injured or mutilated soldiers. At the same time, he was successful in portraying or revealing the atrocities of war with the help of the photographed landscapes at or near the war front. Crimean War between Britain and Russia was portrayed beautifully by Roger Fenton. One of the most famous war photographs taken during Crimean War by Fenton is known as the Valley of the Shadow of Death. British soldiers faced lot of humiliating defeats in the place shown in the above photograph. Even though, dead bodies or injured people are not visible in this picture, the viewers will get a haunting experience after watching this picture. â€Å"Borrowing from the Twenty-third Psalm of the Bible, the Valley of Death was named by British soldiers who came under constant shelling there† (Valley of the Shadow of Death). Valley of the Shadow of Death is considered to be the master piece of Roger Fenton. It is still considered as an important piece of war photography. The theme of this picture is the view of a cannonball-strewn road near Sevastopol. This photograph appears to be a simple at the first look; however close analysis of this picture may present a haunting experience to the viewers. â€Å"The image offers a kind of visual equivalent to Tennysons poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. In it, the poet pays tribute to the six hundred British cavalrymen who died in this s ame valley on 25 October 1854† (Roger Fenton: The Valley of the Shadow of Death) Fenton believed that the perceptive eye of the camera could record "all

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example The evaluation helps them to know in which program to concentrate their effort to maximize their productivity. As the organization grew, the need for this assessment became critical. This made the sustainability of the organizational growth a problem. The organization faced the management and strategy issue, which also plagues other non-profit organizations. Any organization that lacks machinery to evaluate its programs, cannot know how effective those programs are or how productive they are in terms of delivering their objectives. This means that it cannot clearly demonstrate the commitment it has to its mission and it will be difficult for such an organization to secure long term funding from the funders. An organization such as HCZ with a mission to educate a poor child in Harlem, must know the long-term goals it has and should be in a position to explain clearly to the funders how they are planning to meet their objectives. This will convince the funder to give it the support it requires to continue growing. Fundamentally, the organization should find a way to manage their setups to a success level. It needed an instrument to assess the working programs and discover areas to work more in the organization to increase productivity. Finding a long term funding will enable them grow and achieve their mission and objectives. How to solve the resource problem is of essence especially at this time when some of Hcz’s primary funders such as various clients of Bernie Madoff and Lehman Brothers Holdings are going through financial crisis. (Spector, 98). Canada laid off staff members because of this issue. This is an obstacle to expanding services of the organization. HCZ is a good social asset. The problem that rocks it is how to protect funding from private sectors. For instance, when HCZ was planning 2003 budget, it allocated $11,300 annual spending per student in the promise academy. Funding crises forced the

Prescription drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Prescription drugs - Research Paper Example The large numbers of emergency room admissions from prescription drug abuse in the US are a compelling argument against DTC advertising. There is the need for pharma companies to show a higher degree of restraint in such DTC advertising, keeping in mind that the messages are viewed by people with varying levels of understanding of possible side effects from improper use of prescription drugs. Key words: Prescription Drugs, DTC advertising 1. Introduction The US is the only country in the world (apart from New Zealand) that permits Television advertisements for prescription drugs. The US Federal Drugs Administration (FDA) relaxed its requirements for information content needed in such advertising in 1997. The pharma industry’s spending on DTC (direct-to-customer) advertisements has grown rapidly since the FDA rule change and reached a peak of over $ 6 billion in 2006 and 2007 before falling off due to the global economic crisis. The spending in 2012 was still a high $ 3.47 bill ion (Mack, 2013). The European Union does not permit DTC advertising by pharma companies. This was reaffirmed in December 2010 when 22 of the 27 EU countries voted against the proposal despite lobbying by the pharma industry. Instead, the new ad regulations have become even tougher with the focus â€Å"on the rights of the patient to get the information he needs and not on the rights of pharma companies to spread information† (Golby, 2010). This paper examines the arguments in favor and against DTC advertising prescription drugs. PhRMA, the pharma industry association, in its 2008 guidelines for DTC advertising lists the benefits of DTC advertising as increased patient awareness about disease and the treatment options. The ads motivate patients to contact their doctors and engage in a dialogue about health concerns and increases likelihood of receiving care for conditions that get under-diagnosed or under treated. The advertisements also help patients to continue taking the prescribed medication (PhRMA, 2008). The beneficial effects of DTC advertising based on surveys of patients and doctors are shown in the chart below (Shaw, 2008). The chart shows that 95% of the benefit is from patient awareness and better discussion the doctor can have with the patient. The question clearly is whether these benefits outweigh potential negative effects of DTC advertising. 3. Top pharma companies advertising budgets in 2012 The table below shows the 2012 advertising budgets of the top 10 global pharma companies. The tabula tion has been made from data published on 26 February 2013 in FiercePharma.com (Palmer, 2013) Pharma Ad Spend 2012 ( in $ million)                   TV Magazine Other Total   Products       Pfizer 342.7 240 39.6 622.3 Celebrex- pain drug, Viagra, Lyrica - pain drug Eli Lilly 367.3 43.4 22.7 433.4 Cymbalta for pain, Cymbalta for depression, Cialis Abbott 264 35 2.7 301.7 Humira for arthritis, AndroGel, Humira for Crohn's disease Merck 133.7 87.8 64 285.5 Shingles awareness, Nasonex, Zostavax Amgen 164 52.1 13.2 229.3 Enbrel for arthritis, Prolia, Enbrel for psoriasis Astra Zeneca 156.5 41 11.8 209.3 Nexium - stomach , Symbicort, Crestor - cholesterol Allergan 85.9 107.2 0.23 193.3 Restasis, Botox for wrinkles, Botox for migbraine Boehringer 119.6 54.7 0.36 174.7 Spiriva, Pradaxa Glaxo SmithKline 70.3 84.8 15.5 170.6 Advair Diskus - respiratory , Lovaza - cholesterol , Jalyn Otsuka 73.9 41.2 0 115.1

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS - Assignment Example The evaluation helps them to know in which program to concentrate their effort to maximize their productivity. As the organization grew, the need for this assessment became critical. This made the sustainability of the organizational growth a problem. The organization faced the management and strategy issue, which also plagues other non-profit organizations. Any organization that lacks machinery to evaluate its programs, cannot know how effective those programs are or how productive they are in terms of delivering their objectives. This means that it cannot clearly demonstrate the commitment it has to its mission and it will be difficult for such an organization to secure long term funding from the funders. An organization such as HCZ with a mission to educate a poor child in Harlem, must know the long-term goals it has and should be in a position to explain clearly to the funders how they are planning to meet their objectives. This will convince the funder to give it the support it requires to continue growing. Fundamentally, the organization should find a way to manage their setups to a success level. It needed an instrument to assess the working programs and discover areas to work more in the organization to increase productivity. Finding a long term funding will enable them grow and achieve their mission and objectives. How to solve the resource problem is of essence especially at this time when some of Hcz’s primary funders such as various clients of Bernie Madoff and Lehman Brothers Holdings are going through financial crisis. (Spector, 98). Canada laid off staff members because of this issue. This is an obstacle to expanding services of the organization. HCZ is a good social asset. The problem that rocks it is how to protect funding from private sectors. For instance, when HCZ was planning 2003 budget, it allocated $11,300 annual spending per student in the promise academy. Funding crises forced the

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay In â€Å"Some Lessons from the Assembly Line† Andrew Braaksma writes about his experiences working for factories during his summer breaks and his education. His experiences let him realizes that he works so hard and get little pay. It’s totally different from his college life. So he appreciates his education. I agree with what Andrew Braaksma says about how college life is different from the â€Å"real world†. Have you already prepared to the real world? Andrew Braaksma is a college student. He compares and contrasts two aspects of his life: working at assembly line as a blue-collar during summer vacations and being a college student. He worked in the factories surrounding his hometown for two reasons: got overtime pay and saved money because lived at home is cheaper than campus.â€Å"Aftera particularly exhausting string of 12-hour days at a plastics factory,† Andrew Braaksma, as college student who has never been out in the real world, realized that college was better than the work he was doing. His life in college was relatively easy: he slept late; he was able to spend time studying. He also had time to relax with his friends. So he couldn’t wait for school to start again. I feel the same way with Andrew Braaksma. I couldn’t imagine my life in the real work before I graduated from college. During I went to college in 80’s in China, I wish I can get a job as soon as possible. While I was working at a TV factory as engineer,I saw many younger workers who worked there 16 hours a day for many years had no holiday and vacation because they had no education, and some didn’t finish high school. It was also very stressful for theworkers because they knew their job could disappear overnight for outsources. It’s really a dog eat dog world. Working in the assembly line caused Andrew to reflect on how fortunate he really was. This helped him appreciated his education. Those people without a proper education are often forced to take unstable and low pay jobs in order to support themselves and their families. However, poverty and backwardness of my hometown let me want to change lives through higher education. I realize that my education is more important when it comes to searching for a job for a long period of time.